Calender for the treatment of web-like materials

ABSTRACT

A calender for the treatment of web-like materials, including a fixed structure adapted to support two heated rollers shaped to be connected to the fixed structure, to a drive unit and to a heating system. The calender includes automatic elements for engaging and respectively for disengaging the rollers to and from the fixed structure, the drive unit and the heating system; the automatic elements are controlled by a programmable control unit and each of the rollers has an engaging surface shaped to be engaged by mechanical elements for moving the rollers which move the rollers between the calender and one or more waiting or parking stations while the rollers are at a temperature between 50° C. and 200° C.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a calender, a plant and a method for the treatment of web-like materials.

In particular, a calender according to the present invention relates to the treatment of web-like materials by means of heated rollers.

BACKGROUND

The treatment of web-like materials, in particular non-woven fabric (TNT), is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,507,943 that discloses a system comprising a calender formed by two heated embossing rollers defining a nip crossed by a TNT web containing thermoplastic fibers. The material crossing the nip between the two rollers is subjected to a combined action of pressure and heat that determines a change in the arrangement and the physical state of the fibers contained in the web. In particular, depending on the pressure exerted by the rollers on the material subjected to the treatment, on the operating temperature of the rollers, on the thickness and composition of the material, as well as on the surface finishing of the rollers, deformations corresponding to predetermined patterns can be formed on the material. Another system comprising a calender making use of heated rollers for the treatment of TNT is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,169.

WO2005/123374A1 discloses a support apparatus for embossing rollers comprising a fixed structure with two sides, which provide multiple supports for one or more embossing rollers having the respective horizontal axes between said sides and connected with corresponding motors that drive the rollers such that the rollers rotate around their respective axes at a preset angular speed.

DE1054952B discloses a calender for textiles, paper, plastic or the like comprising removable pattern rollers.

A drawback to the use of heated rollers for the treatment of TNT in conventional production systems lies in the fact that it is necessary to wait many hours to allow the rollers to cool down in order to safely attach them to bridge crane systems used for replacing the rollers.

Another drawback of conventional production systems is linked to the need to provide adequate cooling systems for the bearings applied on the calender rollers which entail structural and operational complexities that reduce their cost effectiveness.

Further drawbacks of conventional production systems are associated with the need to perform many manual operations in order to disengage the rollers from the calender, which entails excessive roller replacement times compared to current production needs and greater risks for the safety of the operators who perform such operations.

SUMMARY

The main object of the present invention is to provide a system capable of eliminating, or at least drastically reducing, the aforementioned drawbacks.

This result has been achieved, in accordance with the present invention, by providing a calender and realizing an operating method having the features indicated in the independent claims. Other features of the present invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

Thanks to the present invention, it is possible to reduce the rollers replacement time and, at the same time, increase the safety of this operation. Furthermore, it is possible to simplify the structure of the calender in order to further reduce the rollers replacement time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and further advantages and characteristics of the present invention will be more and better evident to each person skilled in the art thanks to the following description and the annexed drawings, provided by way of example but not to be considered in a limiting sense, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view in transparency of a calender in accordance with the present invention in operating position;

FIG. 2 is a schematic side view in transparency of a calender in accordance with the present invention in the allowed extraction position of the rollers;

FIG. 3 is a schematic front view of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a section view along the line C-C of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a section view along the line D-D of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 schematically represents the levers and in an operating position;

FIG. 7 schematically represents the levers and in an operating position;

FIG. 8 schematically represents the lever in a position of allowed extraction of a roller;

FIG. 9 schematically represents the lever in an operating position;

FIG. 10 is a diagram representing forces acting on the rollers of the calender shown in the previous figures;

FIG. 11 is a diagram representing forces acting on the rollers of the calender shown in the previous figures;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 14A represents the calender of FIG. 11 in which some parts are omitted to better show other parts;

FIG. 14B is a detail of FIG. 12;

FIG. 15 represents a schematic horizontal section view of the group of FIG. 14 showing the internal structure of a roller;

FIG. 16A is an enlarged detail of FIG. 15;

FIG. 16B is an enlarged detail of FIG. 15;

FIG. 16C is an enlarged detail of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 represents a section view along the H-H line of FIG. 1;

FIG. 18A is a detail showing a joint in an engagement position on the pin of a roller;

FIG. 18B is a detail showing a joint in a disengagement position;

FIG. 18C is a detail relating to a possible implementation of the bearing cooling system;

FIG. 19A is a diagram showing the opening and closing of a valve for the introduction of the heating fluid into a calender roller shown in the previous figures;

FIG. 19B is a diagram showing the opening and closing of a valve for the introduction of the heating fluid into a calender roller shown in the previous figures;

FIG. 20 represents a schematic horizontal section view of a roller, with two enlarged details;

FIG. 21 is a side view of a vertical wall;

FIG. 22 is further enlarged details of FIG. 15;

FIG. 23 is further enlarged details of FIG. 15;

FIG. 24 is a detail of FIG. 23;

FIG. 25 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 26 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 27 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 28 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 29 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 30 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 31 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 32 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 33 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 34 schematically represents the handling of a roller of a calender in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 35 is a simplified block diagram relating to a possible configuration of a control system for the actuators used for the operation of the calender shown in the previous figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Reduced to its essential structure and with reference to the figures of the attached drawings, a calender (1) in accordance with the present invention comprises a structure formed by a load-bearing frame with metal crosspieces (10) and side walls (11H, 11K) delimiting a space in which there are two rollers (R1, R2) that are oriented with their respective longitudinal axes orthogonally to the same walls (11H, 11K) and are positioned so as to define a nip (N) that can be crossed by the material (W) to be treated. The rollers (R1, R2) are heatable rollers and are removably supported by said structure (10, 11H, 11K) such that they can be removed and replaced with other heatable rollers when needed. The rollers (R1, R2) are intended to rotate with predetermined angular speed, in opposite directions, around the respective longitudinal axes. For this purpose, a drive unit (UM) is provided, to which the rollers (R1, R2) can be connected to control their rotation as said above. For simplification, the material (W) is represented only in FIG. 4, by means of a horizontal dotted line above which an arrow is placed which indicates the direction followed by the material itself.

The web-like material (W) is of the type normally used to make non-woven fabric items. For example, said material can be constituted exclusively by thermoplastic fibers or also by a mix of thermoplastic fibers and non-thermoplastic fibers such as cellulose, i.e. a material intended to be treated by passing through a calender with heated rollers.

Each roller (R1, R2) comprises an external jacket (100) that can be smooth or provided with reliefs and/or depressions arranged according to a predefined pattern. Therefore, on the calender (1) can be mounted two rollers (R1, R2) both with a smooth jacket, two rollers (R1, R2) both with a jacket (100) provided with reliefs and/or depressions, or two rollers (R1, R2) forming a calender in which the jacket (100) of one roller is smooth and the jacket (100) of the other roller is provided with reliefs and/or depressions. Furthermore, each roller (R1, R2) has a pin at each of the end heads (T1, T2), with a first pin (101) connectable to the drive unit (UM) and a second pin (102) through which it can be inserted a fluid for heating the roller. Said pins (101, 102) are aligned along the longitudinal axis of the roller which coincides with the rotation axis (r-r) of the latter when it is positioned in operating position on the aforementioned structure. For example, the rollers (R1, R2) are both engraved rollers and arranged in the so-called “tip-to-tip” configuration.

For example, the drive unit (UM) comprises an electric motor (M) connected with two axial elastic joints (G1, G2) by means of a belt or chain transmission (not visible in the drawings) contained in a carter (CM) positioned externally to the structure (10, 11H, 11K). Each joint (G1, G2) is arranged in correspondence with the rotation axis (r-r) of a respective roller (R1, R2) and is provided with an end (200) sliding axially with respect to the joint itself. On the end (200) an arm (201) is connected with the interposition of a bearing (202). On the opposite side, the arm (201) is connected to a hydraulic actuator (203) that, in turn, is fixed to a side wall (11K) of said structure.

Said end (200) is shaped to be coupled with a power take-off (103) arranged on the end of the first pin (101) of the respective roller (R1, R2). In accordance with the example shown in the drawings, the power take-off (103) is keyed onto the first pin (101) by means of fit rings (104). Since the joints are two in number, i.e. in number equal to the number of rollers (R1, R2), two actuators (203) are provided, each acting on a respective arm (201), and each arm (201) is connected to the end (200) of the corresponding joint (G1, G2). In FIG. 18A the joint (G1) is in engagement position on the first pin (101) while in FIG. 18B it is in disengagement position. The positioning of the joint in the engagement/disengagement position on the first pin (101) is controlled by the actuator (203). As shown in FIG. 18B, in the disengagement position of the joint, sufficient space (y) is formed between the end (200) and the power take-off (103) to allow removal of the roller as further described below.

In accordance with the example shown in the drawings, the aforementioned structure comprises a pair of side walls (11H, 11K) for each side, i.e. a pair of side walls (11H, 11K) on the side of the drive unit (UM) and a pair of side walls (11H, 11K) on the opposite side, so as to provide two external walls (11K) and two internal walls (11H). The distance between the internal walls (11H) is less than the distance between the external walls (11K). The internal side walls (11H) have, on their respective front sides (F), two overlapping recesses (300) suitable for partially housing corresponding bearings (105) associated with the rollers (R1, R2) in proximity of the respective side heads (T1, T2). Furthermore, an actuator (301) is mounted on the front side (F) of each internal side wall (11H), for example a hydraulic actuator, whose stem (302) is constrained to a front end of a lever (303). The latter has a concave part, with the concavity facing upwards, and is hinged to the respective internal side wall (11H) by means of a pin (340) with a horizontal axis arranged on the back of the lower recess (300), i.e. on the back of the recess (300) closest to the base (BA) of the structure. In practice, said pin (340) is on the opposite side with respect to the point (305) connecting the stem (302) to the front end of the lever (303). The concave part of the lever (303), which is intermediate between said connection point (305) and the pin (340), cooperates with the respective lower recess (300) to delimit the lower housing of a corresponding bearing (105) of the lower roller (R2). The actuators (301) are synchronized, so that the two levers (303) rotate in synchronism around the respective pins (340).

On each external side wall (11K), and more precisely on the side facing the respective internal side wall (11H), a lever (304) is applied which has a preferably concave front side (350) with the concavity facing downwards, is constrained to the stem (306) of a corresponding hydraulic actuator (307), and is hinged to the wall (11K) by means of a pin with a horizontal axis (308) in an intermediate position between its concave front side (350) and the point (309) of connection to the actuator stem (307). The front side of each lever (304) is intended to engage from above a bearing (106) of each roller (R1, R2) at a predetermined distance from the previously mentioned bearing (105). Above the lever (304) there is another lever (310) which is identical to the first (304) but is in a specular position, i.e. with the concavity of the respective front end (311) turned upwards instead of downwards. Said further lever (310) is also constrained to the stem (312) of a respective hydraulic actuator (313) and is hinged to the wall (11K) by means of a respective pin (314) with a horizontal axis in an intermediate position between its side front (311) and the point (315) of connection to the actuator stem (313). The front side of the further lever (310) is intended to engage a corresponding bearing (106) from below.

On the front side (F) of each internal side wall (11H) an additional lever (316) is mounted which on its rear side is connected to a corresponding hydraulic actuator (317), on its front side has a concave part (318) which in operating position of the calender is turned towards the rear side (P) of the wall (11H), and is hinged to the wall (11H) by means of a respective pin (319) with a horizontal axis in an intermediate position between its front side (318) and the point (320) of connection to the stem of the actuator (317).

In practice, on each external side wall (11K) are applied:

-   -   a lower lever (304) controlled by an actuator (307) that         controls the rotation thereof around a pin (308) with a         horizontal axis through which the same lever is connected to the         wall (11K), a free front end (350) of said lower lever (304)         being preferably concave with the concavity facing downwards;         and     -   an upper lever (310) controlled by an actuator (313) that         controls the rotation thereof around a pin (314) with a         horizontal axis through which the same lever is connected to the         wall (11K), a free front end (311) of said upper lever (310)         being preferably concave with the concavity facing upwards.

Similarly, on each internal side wall (11H) are applied:

-   -   a lower lever (303) controlled by an actuator (301) which         controls the rotation thereof around a pin (340) with a         horizontal axis through which the same lever is connected to the         wall (11H), an intermediate part of said lower lever (303) being         preferably concave with the concavity facing upwards; and     -   an upper lever (316) controlled by an actuator (317) which         controls the rotation thereof around a pin (319) with a         horizontal axis through which the same lever is connected to the         wall (11H), a front part (318) of said upper lever (316) being         preferably concave with the concavity facing the rear part (P)         of the same wall (11H) when the calender is in operating         position.

Therefore, a calender according to the present invention is provided, on each of its right and left sides, with two lower levers (303, 304) and two upper levers (316, 310) placed at a predetermined distance (d) from each other and adapted for coming into contact with corresponding bearings (105, 106) arranged on the rollers (R1, R2) to exert on the same bearings (105, 106) forces (F1, F2, F3, F4) that oriented along not coinciding directions. In practice, for each right or left side of both rollers (R1, R2), said levers (303, 304, 310, 316) form two jaws acting along parallel planes spaced apart by a predetermined value (d). With reference to the example shown in the attached drawings, the lower levers (303) and (308) exert an upward thrust (F1) on the bearings (105) adjacent to the end heads (T1, T2) of the lower roller (R2) and respectively a downward thrust (F2) on the outermost bearings (106) of the same roller (R2). The upper levers (310) and (316) exert an upward thrust (F3) on the outermost bearings (106) of the upper roller (R1) and, respectively, a thrust (F4) towards the rear side (P) of the calender on the bearings (105) adjacent to the end heads (T1, T2) of the same upper roller (R1).

Consequently, the bending of the rollers (R1, R2) is reduced. In fact, said forces (F1, F2, F3, F4) act on parallel and non-coincident planes.

With reference to the example shown in the attached drawings, inside each roller (R1, R2) there is a conduit (HT) to feed a heating fluid, such as a diathermic oil of the type normally available on the market. For example, a diathermic oil of the type indicated in table 1 below can be used, in which the letters A-E have the following meaning:

A: Manufacturer.

B: Type.

C: Viscosity at 40° C. (cSt or mm²/s).

D: Viscosity at 100° C. (cSt or mm²/s).

E: Density at 15° C. (Kg/m³).

F: Self-ignition temperature (° C.).

TABLE 1 A B C D E F AGIP ALARIA 3 30 5.3 870 320 BP TRANSCAL 30.4 5.28 870 350 N ESSO ESSOTHER 30 5.2 860 300 M 500 CHEM MARLOTHE 20 3.4 877 330 GROUP RM N

For example, the selected diathermic oil is introduced into the duct (HT) at a temperature comprised between 170° C. and 200° C. depending on the specific treatment to be carried out on the material (W) introduced between the rollers (R1, R2) of the calender.

Said conduit (HT) is arranged along the longitudinal axis of the roller (R1, R2) and has an inlet (107) formed in the second pin (102) of the roller. The inlet (107) of the conduit (HT) is equipped with a valve (108) through which the heating fluid can be introduced into the conduit (HT) and that also allows to close the inlet (107). The valve (108) is integral with the inlet (107) of the tube (HT), i.e. it is integral with the roller (R1, R2). In operating position, the valve (108) is open to allow the heating fluid to circulate in the conduit (HT), while it is closed when the roller (R1, R2) must be removed from the calender, as further described below. At a predetermined distance from each end head (T1, T2) a septum (S1, S2) is arranged such that, inside the roller (R1, R2) and near each end head, a corresponding chamber (C1, C2) is formed, with a first chamber (C1) more distant from the inlet (107) and a second chamber (C2) closer to said inlet. The conduit (HT) ends in the first chamber (C1), i.e. the outlet (109) of the conduit (HT) is in the first chamber (C1). The latter has multiple communication holes (110) with a heat exchanger (111) that is coaxial and external to the conduit (HT). The second chamber (C2) also has multiple communication holes (110) with the heat exchanger (111). A second conduit (RF) is provided in the second pin (102) to form a return line for the heating fluid. The second conduit (RF) is coaxial and external to the first conduit (HT), and has an inlet section (112) formed in the second end head (T2) and an outlet section (113) on which a corresponding valve (114) is applied which allows the heating fluid to exit through the section (113) of the second conduit (RF) and also allows to block the same section (113). The valve (113) is integral with the outlet (113) of the conduit (RF), i.e. it is integral with the roller (R1, R2). In operating condition, the valve (113) is open to allow the heating fluid to pass through the second conduit (RF), while it is closed when the roller (R1, R2) must be removed from the calender.

Therefore, the heating fluid introduced at a predetermined pressure in the conduit (HT) through the inlet (107) fills the first chamber (C1), circulates in the heat exchanger (111), enters the second chamber (C2) and exits through the second conduit (RF). The inlet (107) of the fluid delivery duct (HT) and the outlet (113) of the return duct (RF) are connected, through the respective valves (108, 114), to a heating and fluid supply system known per se and not visible in the attached drawings.

In accordance with the example shown in the attached drawings, the second pin (102) is crossed by both the fluid delivery conduit (HT) and the return pipe (RF) for the heating fluid and the valves (108, 114) are both on the same side, being both arranged on the free end of the second pin (102). Furthermore, the valves (108, 114) have respective connections (180, 141) for their connection with the conduits (not visible in the drawings) provided for the supply and respectively for the evacuation of the heating fluid

The jacket (100) of the roller (R1, R2) is coaxial and external to the heat exchanger (111) from which it receives the heat conveyed by the heating fluid.

For example, the heat exchanger (111) inside the roller (R1, R2) consists of a helical coil whose external diameter corresponds to the internal diameter of the jacket (100) to ensure a correct heat exchange. For example, said coil is formed by a helical-wound rectangular cross-section tube. In accordance with the example described, the heat exchanger (111) extends over the entire length of the roller (R1, R2), between the two end heads (T1, T2). Preferably, on the end of the pin (102) is mounted a hydraulic joint formed by a hollow body (400) which has a first internal axial duct (401) in which are inserted a terminal part of the duct (HT) and a second duct (402), coaxial and external to the first (401), which constitutes an extension of the heating fluid return (RF) conduit. The conduit (401) ends with the valve (108), while the conduit (402) ends with the valve (114).

The body (400) of the joint is integral with the roller (R1, R2) and, by means of a respective appendix (403), is locked to the corresponding wall (11K) of the calender (1) when the roller is placed in the operating position. In this way, the valves (108, 114) are always in the same position during the rotation of the roller (R1, R2). In fact, the pin (102) rotates inside the joint (400) on which the valves (108, 114) are mounted.

Preferably, the aforementioned valves (108, 114) are applied on the side of the joint (400) which, in the operating position of the roller (R1, R2), faces the rear side (P) of the calender (1).

The valves (108, 114) are normally closed and are opened by respective actuators (508, 514) mounted in predetermined positions on a side wall (11K) of the calender (1). With reference to the example shown in FIG. 14B, on the wall (11K) there are two pairs of actuators (508, 514), i.e. a pair of actuators (508, 514) for each roller (R1, R2). The operation of this part of the calender (1) is described below with reference to FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B which refer to a single valve (108) but it is understood that the operation is the same for all the valves, both the inlet (108) and the outlet (114) valves for the heating fluid: when introducing the heating fluid into the duct (HT), the piston (581) of the actuator (508) pushes on the front base (181) of the valve (108), whose movement is transmitted to the lower element (182) of the internal group (182, 184) by means of the bridge (183) which connects the lower element (182) of the group with the upper one (184), whereby the heating fluid is free to pass through the valve as indicated by the arrows “T” in FIG. 19A; vice versa, when the valve (108) must be closed, the piston of the actuator (508) is retracted as shown in FIG. 19B, such that the lower body (182) of the aforesaid group (182, 184) is spaced from the upper body (184), and the fluid cannot pass through the lower element (182), on which the connection (180) is inserted, and the escape of the fluid through the same connection (180) is prevented.

As particularly shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, each pin (101, 102) can be provided with an internal duct designed to allow air to pass through it in order to reduce its temperature and thus preserve the integrity of the bearings (105, 106). Therefore, the control of the operating temperature of the bearings (105, 106) can be performed without providing external cooling circuits as normally foreseen in the hot calenders. With reference to the example shown in FIG. 22 and FIG. 23, a channel (CC) parallel to the roller rotation axis (r-r) can be formed in each pin (101, 102). Said channel (CC) forms a thermally insulating chamber in the pin which isolates the bearings from the heat transmitted by the heating fluid. Possibly, air or even a thermally insulating material may be present in the duct (CC). As shown in the drawings, said channel (CC) develops under the bearings (105, 106). Said channel (CC) can also be in communication with the outside through a first series of radial holes (RC) arranged near the respective end head (T1, T2), where the diameter of the pin is greater, and a second series of holes (SC) at a predetermined distance (a) from the first series of holes (RC), where the diameter of the pin is smaller. The axes of the holes of the second series (SC) converge on the rotation axis (r-r) of the roller, exhibiting an inlet more distant from the end head and an outlet closer to the latter. Said distance (a) is greater than the distance between the bearings (105, 106), so that the air flowing in the channel (CC) can cool both the bearings. As shown in FIG. 24, in the pin (102) on which the aforementioned valves are mounted (108, 114) the channel (CC) is coaxial and external to the fluid return duct (RF).

The external air enters the channel (CC) through the holes (SC) and exits through the radial holes (RC) resulting in adequate thermal insulation of the bearings (105, 106) of the rollers (R1, R2). FIG. 18C shows a nozzle (UR) which blows air in the direction of the holes (SC) to further facilitate, if required, the circulation of air through the channel (CC). Preferably, the channel (CC) is arranged in both pins (101, 102) of the rollers (R1, R2) but it ducting could also be provided in the pin (102) only. In FIG. 22 also the pin (101) is provided with the cooling ducting formed by the channel (CC).

Advantageously, two bushes (B) are applied on each pin (101, 102) of the rollers (R1, R2), each of which is preferably placed in an intermediate position between two corresponding bearings (105, 106) and is adapted to be engaged by the a bridge crane (CP) whose function is to move the rollers (R1, R2) between the calender (1) and one or more parking or waiting stations (S1, S2, S3) of the rollers as further described below. The bridge crane (CP) is external to the calender.

More specifically, with reference to FIGS. 25-34 of the attached drawings, to allow for example the removal of a roller (R1, R2) from the calender (1), the levers (303, 304, 310, 316) are rotated around the respective pins, each by the corresponding actuator (301, 307, 313, 317), so as to free the bearings (105, 106) and release the roller from the seats (300). In this phase, the connection of the roller with the drive unit is disengaged, freeing the respective power take-off (103), and the heating fluid supply is interrupted by closing the valves (108, 114) by means of the actuators (508, 514). The disengagement procedure of the roller to be removed by the bridge crane, as well as the procedure for closing the valves (108, 114) and the procedure for releasing the bearings (105, 106), is automatically managed by a programmable control unit (UE) that controls the actuators previously described. At this point, the arms (BC) of the bridge crane (CP), which at their free ends are shaped to be adapted to engage the bushings (B) of the rollers (R1, R2), approach the bushes (B) of the roller to be engaged and, by engaging said bushes, they pick up the roller and transport it to a destination station (S3), taking it to a structure where one or more rollers structured in the same way can be placed waiting to be used. FIGS. 25-28 schematically show the removal of a roller (R1) from the calender (1) by the bridge crane (CP), its transport to the destination structure (S3), and the release of the roller. The pickup of the roller by the bridge crane (CP) takes place without waiting for the roller to cool down, the external surface of which, in this phase, generally can be at a temperature between 50° C. and 200° C. Therefore, the overall time required to perform the picking of a calender roller (1) is considerably reduced compared to traditional systems, in which the coupling of the rollers to a bridge crane is operated manually with the need to wait for the roller to be sufficiently cold to not cause burns to operators. The roller previously taken from the calender (1) can then be replaced with another roller located in a station (S2), possibly different from the previous one (S3), by means of the same bridge crane (CP) which, when positioning the new roller in the calender (1), will perform reverse movements with respect to the previous ones. After positioning the new roller in the calender (1), the levers (303, 304, 310, 316) are rotated around the respective pins, each by the corresponding actuator (301, 307, 313, 317), so as to engage the bearings (105, 106) of the new roller and constrain the latter to the destination seats (300). FIGS. 29-34 schematically show the removal of a new roller from a station (S2), the transport of this roller to the calender (1) and the repositioning of the bridge crane (CP) in the waiting position. In FIGS. 25-34 the reference “CF” represents a cooling unit provided with cold rollers, of the type normally used to cool the material (W) coming out of a hot calender. The bushes (B) arranged on the pins (101, 102) of the rollers (R1, R2) form an engagement surface adapted to be engaged by mechanical means for moving the rollers (R1, R2) between the calender (1) and one or more waiting or parking stations (S1, S2, S3) while the rollers are at a temperature comprised between 50° C. and 200° C. after being released from said structure, disconnected from said drive unit and disconnected from said heating system by said automatic means controlled by the programmable control unit (UE). In the example previously described, the mechanical means for moving the rollers are made up of a bridge crane (CP) but any other movement system suitable for engaging the rollers at said engagement surface can be used in place of the bridge crane (CP). Likewise, the engagement surface (B) can be of any shape. Preferably, said engagement surface (B) is formed by a bush fitted on a respective pin but it can also be an engagement surface directly formed on the pin. Preferably, to facilitate the intervention of the mechanical means for handling the rollers (R1, R2), said shaped surface is in an intermediate position between two corresponding bearings (105, 106) but it can be equally arranged in any useful position to allow its engagement by said mechanical handling means.

A calender in accordance with the present invention is adapted to be installed in a plant which as described above, in addition to including the calender itself, further comprises mechanical means, for example the aforementioned bridge crane (CP), suitable for moving the rollers (R1, R2) between the calender (1) and one or more waiting or parking stations (S1, S2, S3) while the rollers are at a temperature comprised between 50° C. and 200° C. As described above, an operating method according to the present invention is a method for the treatment of web-like materials (W), wherein a fixed structure (10, 11H, 11K, 300) supports two heated rollers (R1, R2) reciprocally arranged so as to form a nip (N) which can be crossed by web materials (W), wherein each roller (R1, R2) has a right pin (101) and a left pin (102) provided with bearings (105, 106), wherein each roller is shaped to be connected to said fixed structure, to a drive unit (UM) and to a heating system adapted to bring its external surface to a predetermined operating temperature, method that comprises:

-   -   the activation of automatic means for hooking the rollers to         said fixed structure and for respectively releasing the rollers         from the structure itself,     -   the activation of automatic means for engaging the rollers (R1,         R2) to said drive unit (UM) and for disengaging the rollers from         the drive unit respectively,     -   the activation of automatic means to connect the rollers (R1,         R2) to said heating system and disconnect them respectively,     -   the control of said automatic means by a programmable control         unit (UE),     -   the arrangement, on each of said rollers (R1, R2), of a shaped         surface (B) which is engaged by mechanical means (CP) for moving         the rollers (R1, R2) which move the rollers between the calender         (1) and one or more waiting or parking stations (S1, S2, S3)         while the rollers are at a temperature between 50 and 200° C.         after having been released from the said structure, disconnected         from the said drive unit and disconnected from the said heating         system by said automatic means controlled by the programmable         control unit (UE).

In practice, the details of execution can however vary in an equivalent manner as regards the individual elements described and illustrated and their mutual arrangement, without thereby departing from the idea of the solution adopted and therefore remaining within the limits of the protection conferred by this patent in accordance with the following claims. 

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A calender for the treatment of web-like material, comprising: a fixed structure adapted to support two heated rollers reciprocally arranged so as to form a nip traversable by web-like materials, wherein each roller has a right pin and a left pin provided with bearings, wherein each roller is shaped to be connected to said fixed structure, to a drive unit and to a heating system adapted to bring its outer surface to a predetermined operating temperature, the calender further comprising automatic means for hooking the rollers to said fixed structure and respectively releasing the rollers from the structure itself, automatic means for engaging the rollers to said drive unit and respectively for disengaging the rollers from the drive unit, and automatic means for connecting the rollers to said heating system and respectively disconnecting them from the latter, in that said automatic means are controlled by a programmable control unit, and in that each of said rollers has an engaging surface shaped to be engaged by mechanical means for moving the rollers which move the rollers between the calender and one or more waiting or parking stations while the rollers are at a temperature comprised between 50° C. and 200° C. after having been released from said structure, disconnected from said drive unit and disconnected from said heating system by said automatic means controlled by the programmable control unit.
 24. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said mechanical means for moving the rollers comprise a bridge crane.
 25. The calender according to claim 23, wherein one of said pins is provided with a power take-off which can be connected to a drive unit by means of a joint having a side that can be connected with said power take-off by means of an actuator which also controls its decoupling, said joint being connected to an electric motor, said actuator being controlled by a programmable unit that controls its drive to automatically control the connection of the joint to the power take-off and respectively the disconnection.
 26. The calender according to claim 23, wherein both said rollers are provided with internal ducts in which a heating fluid can circulate.
 27. The calender according to claim 26, wherein on said ducts respective interception valves being provided, the opening and closing of said valves being controlled by respective actuators controlled by said programmable unit that controls the actuation thereof to automatically control the opening and closing of the same valves.
 28. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said pins are provided with an internal channel extending below the bearings.
 29. The calender according to claim 28, wherein in said channel air can circulate through a first series of holes communicating with the outside and formed near an end head and through a second series of holes communicating with the outside and formed at a predetermined distance from the first series, said internal channel extending axially between said bearings, said distance being greater than the distance between the bearings.
 30. The calender according to claim 29, wherein the holes of the first series are radial holes and the holes of the second series are holes whose axes converge on the axis of rotation of the roller featuring an inlet more distant from the relative head and an exit closer to the same.
 31. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said channel is coaxial and external to said internal ducts.
 32. The calender according to claim 27, wherein said actuators are mounted on a vertical wall of said fixed structure.
 33. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said structure comprises two lower levers and two upper levers placed at a predetermined distance from each other and able to enter in contact each with a bearing for exerting on the same bearings forces oriented along non coinciding directions.
 34. The calender according to claim 33, wherein said levers have a concave part adapted to interact with a respective bearing.
 35. The calender according to claim 33, wherein said levers are moved by respective actuators that control their rotation around corresponding horizontal pins.
 36. The calender according to claim 33, wherein said levers are connected to four vertical walls of said structure, said vertical walls being arranged so as to form a pair of internal vertical walls and a pair of external vertical walls.
 37. The calender according to claim 33, wherein on each external wall are applied: a lower lever controlled by an actuator that controls the rotation thereof around a pin with horizontal axis by means of which the same lever is connected to the wall, a free front end of said lower lever being concave with the concavity facing downwards; and an upper lever controlled by an actuator that controls the rotation thereof around a pin with horizontal axis by means of which the same lever is connected to the wall, a free front end of said upper lever being concave with the concavity facing upwards, and, on each internal wall are applied: a lower lever controlled by an actuator that controls the rotation thereof around a pin with horizontal axis by means of which the same lever is connected to the wall, an intermediate part of said lower lever being concave with the concavity facing upwards; and an upper lever controlled by an actuator that controls the rotation thereof around a pin with horizontal axis by means of which the same lever is connected to the wall, a front part of said upper lever being concave with the concavity facing the rear part of the same wall when the calender is in operation.
 38. The calender according to claim 34, wherein said actuators are controlled by a programmable unit that controls their activation to automatically control the movement of the levers.
 39. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said actuator is mounted on a vertical wall of said fixed structure.
 40. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said valves are arranged on a same pin.
 41. The calender according to claim 28, wherein the holes of the first series are formed in an area of the pin of greater diameter than a zone of the same pin where the holes of the second series are formed.
 42. The calender according to claim 23, wherein said engagement surface is constituted by a bush.
 43. A method for the treatment of web-like materials, wherein a fixed structure supports two heated rollers reciprocally arranged so as to form a nip traversable by web-like materials, wherein each roller has a right pin and a left pin provided with bearings, wherein each roller is shaped to be connected to said fixed structure, to a drive unit and to a heating system adapted to bring its outer surface to a predetermined operating temperature, the method comprising the activation of automatic means for hooking the rollers to said fixed structure and respectively releasing the rollers from the structure itself, the activation of automatic means for engaging the rollers to said drive unit and respectively for disengaging the rollers from the drive unit, and the activation of automatic means for connecting the rollers to said heating system and respectively disconnecting them from the latter, in that said automatic means are controlled by a programmable control unit, and in that on each of said rollers an engaging surface is placed which is engaged by mechanical means for moving the rollers which move the rollers between the calender and one or more waiting or parking stations while the rollers are at a temperature comprised between 50° C. and 200° C. after having been released from said structure, disconnected from said drive unit and disconnected from said heating system by said automatic means controlled by the programmable control unit.
 44. A plant for the treatment of web-like materials comprising a calender according to claim 23, and mechanical means for moving the rollers which move the rollers between the calender and one or more waiting or parking stations while the rollers are at a temperature between 50° and 200° C. after having been released from said structure, disconnected from said drive unit and disconnected from said heating by said automatic means controlled by the programmable control unit. 